DIY Plastic Worm Composting Bins

Download the Easy DIY Worm Bin instructions!

Getting started with vermicomposting doesn’t need to be overly complicated or expensive. One great way to save money is to create your own Do-It-Yourself (DIY) worm bin. There are a wide range of options here, including repurposing existing vessels - like old sinks, bathtubs, and feeding troughs - or building something from scratch, with plastic tubs, wood or other materials.

1. A super-basic, single bin approach, and
2. A more-advanced “continuous-flow”, double bin design.

Best Tubs for the Job

The first step is making sure you choose the right container(s), both for your own situation and goals, but also for the worms and their helpers! For starters, we highly recommend you avoid any type of transparent bin. Worms are highly sensitive to light - so, as much as possible, we want to limit their exposure to it.

Choosing an opaque (not “see-through”) bin is a step in the right direction. Also note that clear plastic bins tend to use a type of plastic that is more fragile - so, you may even find that these bins are more likely to crack, and just generally, won’t last as long.

One model commonly used for vermicomposting is the Rubbermaid Roughneck Tote (what we will be using for our double-bin system). Another great option - especially if you want to stack multiple systems on top of eachother - is the Home Depot “HDX” series. It has a more rigid design, and even has sunken channels in the lids where you can drill your air holes, thus avoiding having them covered over by the bottom of the bin sitting on top.

How Big Should The Bin Be?

The size of container you use is up to you, but do keep in mind that really small bins won’t offer nearly the same vermicomposting potential (and may leave your worms feeling cramped). Really large bins, on the other hand, can be much more difficult to move around, they can be more prone to developing anaerobic pockets (slowing the process, and potentially creating issues for your worms), and they can also overheat, especially early on.

We recommend a bin size in the 40-70 litre (10.6 - 18.5 gal) range. Aiming for something that’s a similar size (and with similar proportions) as a typical recycling “blue box” is a great way to go.

Apart from the overall volume, another important consideration is the surface area vs depth. It is usually best to keep your bin depth to 18” or less, with a surface area of at least 1.5 sq ft. A bucket is a prime example of a container (a lot of people wonder about) that’s not ideally suited for vermicomposting, as-is. For perspective, a typical bucket surface area is more like 0.8 sq ft.

NOTE: There are definitely ways to modify buckets for effective vermicomposting but for the average starter bin, we recommend choosing something with more surface area. This will better support aeration, and help to avoid excess pooling of liquids in the bottom.

On the flip side, really shallow tubs and trays - while often great for air flow - tend not to be nearly as good for moisture-retention, so it’s usually best to choose a container with a depth of at least 6 inches.

Lid or No Lid?

Some may wonder if they really need a lid on their plastic tub worm bin. There are definitely pros and cons to both approaches. Using the lid provides an extra layer of protection for your system, helping it to retain more moisture, reducing the amount of light shining in, and potentially helping to reduce pest issues - but in some cases, you can end up with swampy, anaerobic systems over time (especially when fruit and veggie wastes are being added regularly).

The lidless approach, on the other hand, can greatly improve air flow, which in turn can improve the overall efficiency of the system - but it will likely require more attention (periodic misting etc), and may leave you more exposed to pest invasion.

Generally, we recommend using a lid - with plenty of air holes - especially for those who will be leaving their system alone for longer stretches of time.

If you do decide to go lidless, just keep in mind that it will be even more important to add (and maintain) a very thick layer of cover bedding (which, in a sense, will serve as a breathable lid).

Drainage

Free draining systems offer the advantage of having less potential for the development of anaerobic zones - but it’s important to note that (with typical indoor worm bins) this drainage can also be messy to deal with. Our “basic” system will be a no-drainage system, while our double bin system is a free draining design.

On that note, it’s time to dig in and explore these two tub system options!

Basic Single-Bin System

This approach offers a very fast and easy way to get started with vermicomposting. It is especially well-suited for those with a limited budget, or who simply want to test the waters.

It’s important to note, though, that proper set-up and management will be even more important for helping to ensure success with this type of system!

Ventilation

Once you have your tub picked out, it’s time to focus on ventilation. Off the shelf, most plastic tubs offer little to none - so it’s going to be important to install our own ventilation system.

Don’t worry, this is a lot less complicated than it sounds! ;-) It can be as simple as drilling a lot of air holes in the lid and sides - or, you can get a bit more “fancy” and install some form of screened or louvered vents.

We’ll stick with drill holes to keep things simple for our examples.

We recommend using a ¼” bit for your holes. The exact number you need isn’t set in stone but generally, the more the better (as touched on, a common issue with plastic worm bins is insufficient air flow, not “too much” air flow). Aiming for at least 20 in your lid and at least 10 on each side is a good starting place - and you can always add more later, if need be. Most of the holes in the sides can be up close to the lid, but adding some in the lower half of each side can help to boost your air flow even more.

Set-Up

With a basic, no-drain tub like this, it’s important to set it up in such a way that will support good air flow and provide you with good moisture-holding properties.

Our usual recommendation is to aim for a 70:30 ratio of bedding vs food materials. With this type of bin system you could probably even bump that up to 80:20. A simple way to accomplish this is to think in terms of 3 distinct zones, (all of them bedding-heavy):

1. Bottom bedding (¼ volume)
2. Main worm composting zone (½ volume)
3. Cover bedding (¼ volume)

Bottom Bedding Zone (also known as a “false bottom”) - This is where you can add a lot of bulky, absorbent bedding, such as hand-ripped or shredded corrugated cardboard, or “scrunched” unbleached paper (we recommend avoiding office paper, especially shredded, as much as possible). This helps to support good air flow and plays a very important role in absorbing excess moisture. This material can be added dry.

Worm Composting Zone - This is where you should add a damp mix of different bedding - and other habitat - materials, your initial food layer(s), and your composting worms. We’ll come back to this one in a minute.

Cover Bedding Layer - As the name implies, this is a thick layer of bedding over top of the main worm composting zone. It helps to retain moisture, and provides a good cover for your food deposits, helping to reduce the chance of odours and pest invasion. Apart from loose bedding materials (e.g. shredded cardboard, hemp tow, straw), we also recommend some form of worm blanket for extra protection and habitat enhancement.

Worm Composting Zone - in More Detail

To help establish a quality worm habitat, we recommend using a diversity of different materials. Typical bedding materials, such as shredded corrugated cardboard, ripped up egg carton cardboard, rinsed coco coir, and hemp tow are great, but for best results, we also suggest including “living materials”, such as aged, bedded livestock manures, various composts or decomposed leaf litter (aka leaf mold), Lasty, there are also different helpful amendments you may want to consider as well, such as oyster shell flower, rock dust and biochar. These are completely optional, but they can help you enhance the vermicomposting process (and quality of the end result). If you choose to include a Ph buffer/grit and BioChar, you can add 2 tbsp per square foot of surface area and with the BioChar, up to a cup or more, depending on the size of your system.

You can either mix and moisten your habitat materials in a separate container before adding them over top of your false bottom, or you can simply add them in layers. It’s important for your habitat materials to be somewhat damp, but not wet (you shouldn’t end up with liquid pooling down in the bottom of your bin). Once your habitat mix has been added - remember, we’re aiming for about ½ the volume of the bin - you can add a layer of starter food materials. Fast to break down wastes like fruit and/or veggie scraps, such as apple cores, banana peels, melon, cucumber or lettuce (and other leafy greens, avoid dressing though) are a great choice for your first food deposit.

The infographic on the right offers one potential layering approach (well suited for bin/bed systems, not stacking tray systems), using readily available materials. If you do use soil as a living material, make sure it is lightweight, loamy soil - not heavy mineral soil (e.g. soils with a lot of sand or clay content), since these can impede air flow and create other issues.

The cover bedding layer is similar to the false bottom. This is where you can add dry, absorbent materials, like shredded cardboard, coco coir, hemp tow - even straw - as a final layer in the system. As touched on, combining loose bedding with some form of worm blanket (such as our hemp worm blanket) can further enhance the protection that this zone offers.

NOTE: If you do decide to mix up your “worm zone” habitat materials separately, don’t worry if you end up with more than you can use. This is actually a bonus, since the mix will continue to break down over time (we recommend storing it in a ventilated, plastic container so it doesn’t dry out), and you’ll end up with an even more valuable material you can continue adding to your system along with new food deposits.

Adding Your Worms

If you happen to have other vermicomposting systems on the go, a very easy/effective way to stock a new bin is to simply transfer over some worm-rich material. This offers a great way to get started, since the worms will come with lots of rich, habitat material they are already used to (along with plenty of other beneficial composting critters), and the population is given the opportunity to grow more naturally, up to a level that is well-suited for the size of system you are using.

Stocking your system with bulk worms from a reliable supplier can work well too - we recommend starting a bin this size with ½ - 1 lb of Red Wiggler worms - but it will be more important to make sure the habitat is ready for them. One great way to do this is to include one or more types of living material - especially what we refer to as “primary living materials” (e.g. aged, bedded horse manure) - in your worm composting zone. Getting your system set up 5-7 days prior to adding the worms is also a great strategy.

Actually adding the worms can be as simple as pulling back your cover bedding layer(s) and emptying the bag (or adding the worm rich material from another system) directly over top of the worm composting zone. You can leave the lid off (in a brightly lit location) to help encourage the worms to move down into the habitat.

Moisture Management

The goal with our Basic Single-Bin System was to offer a very simple approach for setting up a worm bin. One that wouldn’t involve some of the mess and maintenance hassles you can encounter with free-draining systems. That said, it’s important to remember that no-drain systems do require a fair amount of vigilance and care.

All that moisture needs to go somewhere, right? ;-)

We’ve talked about the importance of good air flow. The number of air holes we recommended will help your system release excess moisture, but if conditions still seem to be overly wet, don’t hesitate to drill even more.

Bedding is also a very valuable moisture-management ally, and we encourage you to add dry, absorbent bedding (e.g. shredded cardboard) regularly. You can place it up top in your cover layer, but also down in the very bottom when you notice conditions start to get a bit swampy.

Lastly, it’s also important to note that you are more than welcome to add drainage holes to your Basic Bin, if that’s your preference! Just make sure you line the bottom of the tub with moistened newsprint or kraft paper (to avoid having the worms crawl out the bottom early on), and set the system in a larger tray or tub to catch your drainage liquid (leachate). The bin should be propped up with bricks or some other separator, so the drainage holes don’t end up submerged in liquid.

Double-Bin Flow-Through System

Our double-bin system design offers a somewhat more advanced way to enjoy the vermicomposting process. Unlike the basic approach just outlined, in this case you will have both drainage and “continuous flow-through” (CFT - also referred to as “flow-through” or “continuous flow”) castings-separation benefits.

You’ll start with the first bin (in much the same way as described for our basic bin system), continuing to use that as your main worm bin, until much of the habitat and food has been processed, and the overall level of compost in the bin is getting up towards the top. Next, you will place a second bin (with ¼” holes drilled in the bottom) directly over top of the lidless lower bin, and then start up this second bin with new bedding and food (etc). This will encourage the worms to migrate upwards and, after a period of time, you can remove the bottom bin (the top bin becomes the new “bottom bin”) and harvest the castings - which should be relatively free of worms - for your garden!

Materials:

• Two 18 gallon plastic storage containers with 2 lids (not transparent)
• Drill with ¼” bit
• Spray bottle for misting the habitat
• Habitat Materials:
1. bedding materials like shredded cardboard, ripped up egg cartons, leaf litter, coco coir, straw, hay, hemp tow, etc...; 
2. ideally, some form of living material, and
3. amendments such as fine sand, rock dust, oyster shell flour, biochar, etc...
   
   NOTE: We recommend a mix of at least 2-3 bedding/living materials, ideally using what you have good access to. Amendments can enhance the habitat (and end product) but are not critical for getting started.
   
   
• Food: initially a small amount of easy-to-break-down fruit/veggie scraps such as chopped up apple cores, banana peels, melon, cucumber or lettuce (and other leafy greens, avoid dressing though) is all you need to get things going.
• Roughly 1 pound of red wiggler worms or several litres of worm-rich material from an existing system

1. Drill your ventilation holes and the drainage/migration holes with the ¼” bit.

Instructions on Building & Filling the Worm Bins:

Please keep in mind that the materials being used can vary, so feel free to use what you have readily available.

1. Flip the bins upside down. With the use of the drill and ¼” drill bit, make around 20 drainage holes, equally spaced. These holes will both provide drainage and allow the worms to crawl from the lower bin to the second bin when you are ready to harvest the castings.
   
   NOTE: To help ensure the worms don’t get injured during migration, make sure all extra bits of plastic and sharp edges have been removed from the holes after drilling.
   
   
2. Drill ¼” ventilation holes spaced every 1-2” apart on each side of the bin, 2” or so from the top of the bin.
   
   
3. It is time to prepare the habitat for the worms. Initially, you may want to lay several layers of newsprint or brown kraft paper down over the bottom of the bin, and dampen with a spray bottle. This will help to avoid having any worms roaming out early on (you won’t do this when you add your upper bin since it would impede worm migration).
   
   Add approximately 3-4” shredded cardboard (or similar bulky bedding) in the bottom. Follow this by alternating layers of different bedding materials (eg shredded fall leaves, straw, rinse coco coir) and ideally, living materials (e.g. aged, bedded horse manure, leaf mold, compost, rich, loamy garden soil) up past the halfway mark. Apart from adding living materials, you can also spray diluted EM with water, or compost/castings extracts to boost microbial activity in the bin. Lightly sprinkling in other amendments like fine sand, rock dust, oyster shell flour, or BioChar as you add your layers can further enhance the habitat.
   
   
4. Over top of your main worm composting zone, it is helpful to add a nice thick cover bedding zone (and maybe even a worm blanket). Great options for your loose cover bedding include shredded cardboard, hemp tow, straw and hay.
   
   
5. Pull these cover bedding elements back and add a small quantity of easy to break down food waste, such as the ones mentioned earlier, to provide the worms with a starter supply of food that will get quickly colonized by microbes.
   
   Place a lid on the top of the bin, and one upside down below the bin to serve as a drainage catch tray.
   
   NOTE: Even with drainage, it will be important to avoid letting your system get too wet, since this can impede the vermicomposting process and make a mess underneath your bin. If you find there is more liquid than the lower lid can handle, you may want to switch out the lid for some type of tray or tub - just make sure to prop up the bottom (using bricks or other spacers) so your drainage holes aren’t submerged).

Once the bin has been set up, we recommend allowing the habit to age for 5-7 days prior to introducing the worms. This waiting period can be shortened, or completely eliminated when including lots of living material and/or stocking the system with worm-rich material from another system, since it will be well inoculated with microbes in these cases.

Keep your new double-bin system either indoors - in a space with proper ventilation - or outside in the shade (at times of year when temperatures are favourable).

Feeding The Worms (Applies to Basic System as Well):

Once the worms have been introduced to their new environment, it is important to wait 2-3 days before introducing more food, and then to start slowly. If possible, it is best to chop up your wastes into small pieces, since this greatly increases the surface area for microbial colonization (thus speeding up the breakdown process). Once worms begin to multiply, more food can be added, but always focus more on the feeding activity of the worms, than on adding any specific amount of scraps they are “supposed to” be consuming each week.

It is important to always keep your scraps buried, to reduce the chance of fruit fly (and other pest) outbreaks and excessive mold growth. A simple, but effective feeding strategy involves adding thin layers of food underneath your thick cover bedding layer (and worm blanket if you have one), and then simply adding once the worms seem to have consumed most of it.

There are a lot of factors that will affect how much food your system will be able to handle (e.g. temperatures, types of wastes, size of worm population, air flow etc), but most home systems should be able to handle moderate feedings 1-2 times per week. The good news is there is absolutely no problem feeding less often than this, but adding too much food can lead to a wide range of problems.

Also keep in mind, the worms consume the bedding over time as well (this is an especially important food source in systems that don’t receive food very often), so it is always important to keep replenishing it!

Fine sand, rock dusts and broken up eggshells help in worm digestion, so it can be helpful to include small amounts of these on a periodic basis as well.

For more information about feeding your worms, be sure to check out this blog post: How to feed your worms to get the best results from your worm bin

Adding Your Upper Bin

When the first bin is quite full and there aren’t recognizable food scraps left, you can place new habitat material at the bottom of the second bin (remember, we won’t add a layer of moistened paper or newsprint in this one) and set things up in a similar manner as the first bin.

The second bin can be placed directly on top of the compost surface of the first bin. At this point, you can begin burying food periodically in the second bin. Within one to two months, most of the worms will have crawled up to the second bin in search of food, leaving the lower bin filled with almost worm-free worm castings.

When this bin is full, once again repeat the same process with the second bin.

Final Thoughts

Plastic DIY worm bins can be an easy, inexpensive, and effective way to get a vermicomposting system up and running, but they do require proper set-up and maintenance for best results!

Whether you decide to go with a basic single bin or try the two-bin stacking system, by following the guidelines shared above (and asking any additional questions you have) you should end up pleased with the results!

Download the Easy DIY Worm Bin instructions!

Additional Resources You May Find Helpful

• Worm Care Guide (Free When You Sign Up For Composters Club Newsletter)
• Living Materials
• How to feed your worms to get the best results from your worm bin
• Bedding - The Most Important Material in Your Worm Bin?

Recommended Products

• Red Wiggler Worms
• Worm Composting Starter Kits
• pH Buffer Grit
• BioChar
• EM